Android的消息处理机制(Looper,Handler,MessageQueue,Message)

Looper的字面意思是“循环者”，它被设计用来使一个普通线程变成Looper线程。所谓Looper线程就是循环工作的线程。在程序开发中（尤其是GUI开发中），我们经常会需要一个线程不断循环，一旦有新任务则执行，执行完继续等待下一个任务，这就是Looper线程。使用Looper类创建Looper线程很简单：

 class LooperThread extends Thread {
     public Handler mHandler;

     public void run() {
         Looper.prepare();

         mHandler = new Handler() {
             public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
                 // process incoming messages here
             }
         };

         Looper.loop();
     }
 }

通过上面两行核心代码，你的线程就升级为Looper线程了，让我们看看Lopper的源码吧。

/*
 * Copyright (C) 2006 The Android Open Source Project
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package android.os;

import android.annotation.NonNull;
import android.annotation.Nullable;
import android.os.LooperProto;
import android.util.Log;
import android.util.Printer;
import android.util.Slog;
import android.util.proto.ProtoOutputStream;

/**
  * Class used to run a message loop for a thread.  Threads by default do
  * not have a message loop associated with them; to create one, call
  * {@link #prepare} in the thread that is to run the loop, and then
  * {@link #loop} to have it process messages until the loop is stopped.
  *
  * <p>Most interaction with a message loop is through the
  * {@link Handler} class.
  *
  * <p>This is a typical example of the implementation of a Looper thread,
  * using the separation of {@link #prepare} and {@link #loop} to create an
  * initial Handler to communicate with the Looper.
  *
  * <pre>
  *  class LooperThread extends Thread {
  *      public Handler mHandler;
  *
  *      public void run() {
  *          Looper.prepare();
  *
  *          mHandler = new Handler() {
  *              public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
  *                  // process incoming messages here
  *              }
  *          };
  *
  *          Looper.loop();
  *      }
  *  }</pre>
  */
public final class Looper {
    /*
     * API Implementation Note:
     *
     * This class contains the code required to set up and manage an event loop
     * based on MessageQueue.  APIs that affect the state of the queue should be
     * defined on MessageQueue or Handler rather than on Looper itself.  For example,
     * idle handlers and sync barriers are defined on the queue whereas preparing the
     * thread, looping, and quitting are defined on the looper.
     */

    private static final String TAG = "Looper";

    // sThreadLocal.get() will return null unless you've called prepare().
    static final ThreadLocal<Looper> sThreadLocal = new ThreadLocal<Looper>();
    private static Looper sMainLooper;  // guarded by Looper.class

    final MessageQueue mQueue;
    final Thread mThread;

    private Printer mLogging;
    private long mTraceTag;

    /* If set, the looper will show a warning log if a message dispatch takes longer than time. */
    private long mSlowDispatchThresholdMs;

     /** Initialize the current thread as a looper.
      * This gives you a chance to create handlers that then reference
      * this looper, before actually starting the loop. Be sure to call
      * {@link #loop()} after calling this method, and end it by calling
      * {@link #quit()}.
      */
    public static void prepare() {
        prepare(true);
    }

    private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
        if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
        }
        sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
    }

    /**
     * Initialize the current thread as a looper, marking it as an
     * application's main looper. The main looper for your application
     * is created by the Android environment, so you should never need
     * to call this function yourself.  See also: {@link #prepare()}
     */
    public static void prepareMainLooper() {
        prepare(false);
        synchronized (Looper.class) {
            if (sMainLooper != null) {
                throw new IllegalStateException("The main Looper has already been prepared.");
            }
            sMainLooper = myLooper();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the application's main looper, which lives in the main thread of the application.
     */
    public static Looper getMainLooper() {
        synchronized (Looper.class) {
            return sMainLooper;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Run the message queue in this thread. Be sure to call
     * {@link #quit()} to end the loop.
     */
    public static void loop() {
        final Looper me = myLooper();
        if (me == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
        }
        final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;

        // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
        // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
        Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
        final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();

        for (;;) {
            Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
            if (msg == null) {
                // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
                return;
            }

            // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
            final Printer logging = me.mLogging;
            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
                        msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
            }

            final long slowDispatchThresholdMs = me.mSlowDispatchThresholdMs;

            final long traceTag = me.mTraceTag;
            if (traceTag != 0 && Trace.isTagEnabled(traceTag)) {
                Trace.traceBegin(traceTag, msg.target.getTraceName(msg));
            }
            final long start = (slowDispatchThresholdMs == 0) ? 0 : SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
            final long end;
            try {
                msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
                end = (slowDispatchThresholdMs == 0) ? 0 : SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
            } finally {
                if (traceTag != 0) {
                    Trace.traceEnd(traceTag);
                }
            }
            if (slowDispatchThresholdMs > 0) {
                final long time = end - start;
                if (time > slowDispatchThresholdMs) {
                    Slog.w(TAG, "Dispatch took " + time + "ms on "
                            + Thread.currentThread().getName() + ", h=" +
                            msg.target + " cb=" + msg.callback + " msg=" + msg.what);
                }
            }

            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
            }

            // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
            // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
            final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
            if (ident != newIdent) {
                Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
                        + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
                        + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
                        + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
                        + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
            }

            msg.recycleUnchecked();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Return the Looper object associated with the current thread.  Returns
     * null if the calling thread is not associated with a Looper.
     */
    public static @Nullable Looper myLooper() {
        return sThreadLocal.get();
    }

    /**
     * Return the {@link MessageQueue} object associated with the current
     * thread.  This must be called from a thread running a Looper, or a
     * NullPointerException will be thrown.
     */
    public static @NonNull MessageQueue myQueue() {
        return myLooper().mQueue;
    }

    private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
        mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
        mThread = Thread.currentThread();
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if the current thread is this looper's thread.
     */
    public boolean isCurrentThread() {
        return Thread.currentThread() == mThread;
    }

    /**
     * Control logging of messages as they are processed by this Looper.  If
     * enabled, a log message will be written to <var>printer</var>
     * at the beginning and ending of each message dispatch, identifying the
     * target Handler and message contents.
     *
     * @param printer A Printer object that will receive log messages, or
     * null to disable message logging.
     */
    public void setMessageLogging(@Nullable Printer printer) {
        mLogging = printer;
    }

    /** {@hide} */
    public void setTraceTag(long traceTag) {
        mTraceTag = traceTag;
    }

    /** {@hide} */
    public void setSlowDispatchThresholdMs(long slowDispatchThresholdMs) {
        mSlowDispatchThresholdMs = slowDispatchThresholdMs;
    }

    /**
     * Quits the looper.
     * <p>
     * Causes the {@link #loop} method to terminate without processing any
     * more messages in the message queue.
     * </p><p>
     * Any attempt to post messages to the queue after the looper is asked to quit will fail.
     * For example, the {@link Handler#sendMessage(Message)} method will return false.
     * </p><p class="note">
     * Using this method may be unsafe because some messages may not be delivered
     * before the looper terminates.  Consider using {@link #quitSafely} instead to ensure
     * that all pending work is completed in an orderly manner.
     * </p>
     *
     * @see #quitSafely
     */
    public void quit() {
        mQueue.quit(false);
    }

    /**
     * Quits the looper safely.
     * <p>
     * Causes the {@link #loop} method to terminate as soon as all remaining messages
     * in the message queue that are already due to be delivered have been handled.
     * However pending delayed messages with due times in the future will not be
     * delivered before the loop terminates.
     * </p><p>
     * Any attempt to post messages to the queue after the looper is asked to quit will fail.
     * For example, the {@link Handler#sendMessage(Message)} method will return false.
     * </p>
     */
    public void quitSafely() {
        mQueue.quit(true);
    }

    /**
     * Gets the Thread associated with this Looper.
     *
     * @return The looper's thread.
     */
    public @NonNull Thread getThread() {
        return mThread;
    }

    /**
     * Gets this looper's message queue.
     *
     * @return The looper's message queue.
     */
    public @NonNull MessageQueue getQueue() {
        return mQueue;
    }

    /**
     * Dumps the state of the looper for debugging purposes.
     *
     * @param pw A printer to receive the contents of the dump.
     * @param prefix A prefix to prepend to each line which is printed.
     */
    public void dump(@NonNull Printer pw, @NonNull String prefix) {
        pw.println(prefix + toString());
        mQueue.dump(pw, prefix + "  ", null);
    }

    /**
     * Dumps the state of the looper for debugging purposes.
     *
     * @param pw A printer to receive the contents of the dump.
     * @param prefix A prefix to prepend to each line which is printed.
     * @param handler Only dump messages for this Handler.
     * @hide
     */
    public void dump(@NonNull Printer pw, @NonNull String prefix, Handler handler) {
        pw.println(prefix + toString());
        mQueue.dump(pw, prefix + "  ", handler);
    }

    /** @hide */
    public void writeToProto(ProtoOutputStream proto, long fieldId) {
        final long looperToken = proto.start(fieldId);
        proto.write(LooperProto.THREAD_NAME, mThread.getName());
        proto.write(LooperProto.THREAD_ID, mThread.getId());
        proto.write(LooperProto.IDENTITY_HASH_CODE, System.identityHashCode(this));
        mQueue.writeToProto(proto, LooperProto.QUEUE);
        proto.end(looperToken);
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "Looper (" + mThread.getName() + ", tid " + mThread.getId()
                + ") {" + Integer.toHexString(System.identityHashCode(this)) + "}";
    }
}

3.2.  Handler

Handler扮演了往MQ上添加消息和处理消息的角色（只处理由自己发出的消息），即通知MQ它要执行一个任务(sendMessage)，并在loop到自己的时候执行该任务(handleMessage)，整个过程是异步的。handler创建时会关联一个looper，默认的构造方法将关联当前线程的looper，不过这也是可以set的。

3.3.  Message

在整个消息处理机制中，message又叫task，封装了任务携带的信息和处理该任务的handler。message的用法比较简单，这里不做总结了。但是有这么几点需要注意：

1.尽管Message有public的默认构造方法，但是你应该通过Message.obtain()来从消息池中获得空消息对象，以节省资源。

2.如果你的message只需要携带简单的int信息，请优先使用Message.arg1和Message.arg2来传递信息，这比用Bundle更省内存

3.擅用message.what来标识信息，以便用不同方式处理message。

4.Message.obtain()的消息池上限是50个。

1. 主线程中定义Handler，子线程通过mHandler发送消息，主线程Handler的handleMessage更新UI。
2. 用Activity对象的runOnUiThread方法。
3. 创建Handler，传入getMainLooper。
4. View.post(Runnable r) 。
5. 通过AsyncTask来实现。

这五种查看源码得知都用到了Handler进行和UI线程进行交互。

1).Activity

public class HandlerActivity extends AppCompatActivity {

    private TextView mTextView;
    private MyHandler mHandler;

    @Override
    protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_handler);
        initView();
        processData();
    }

    @Override
    protected void onDestroy() {
        if (mHandler != null)
            mHandler.removeCallbacksAndMessages(null);
        super.onDestroy();
    }

    private void initView() {
        mTextView = findViewById(R.id.tv_show);
    }

    private void processData(){
        mHandler = new MyHandler(this);
        // create worker threed
        Thread workerThread = new Thread(new SampleTask(mHandler));
        workerThread.start();
    }

    public static class MyHandler extends Handler {
        WeakReference<HandlerActivity< mWeakReference;

        public MyHandler(HandlerActivity activity) {
            mWeakReference = new WeakReference<>(activity);
        }

        @Override
        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
            if (msg == null){
                return;
            }
            Bundle bundle = msg.getData();
            if (bundle == null){
                return;
            }
            String result = bundle.getString("message");
            HandlerActivity activity = mWeakReference.get();
            if (activity != null && activity.mTextView != null) {
                activity.mTextView.setText(result);
            }
        }
    }
}

2).Thread

/**
 * Created by aoaoyi on 2018/5/19 21:05
 * 
 * Email aoaoyi.com@gmail.com
 */
public class SampleTask implements Runnable {
    private static final String TAG = SampleTask.class.getSimpleName();
    Handler mHandler;

    public SampleTask(Handler handler) {
        super();
        mHandler = handler;
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        try {
            // 模拟执行某项任务，下载等
            //Thread.sleep(5000);
            // 任务完成后通知activity更新UI
            Message msg = prepareMessage("task completed!");
            // message将被添加到主线程的MQ中
            mHandler.sendMessageDelayed(msg, 5000);
        } catch (Exception e) {
            Log.d(TAG, "interrupted!");
        }
    }

    private Message prepareMessage(String str) {
        Message result = mHandler.obtainMessage();
        Bundle data = new Bundle();
        data.putString("message", str);
        result.setData(data);
        return result;
    }
}

Android的IPC机制

Android的AIDL

Android的Binder机制

Android的Messenger